Discrete Element Simulation of Extensional, Growth, and Fault-Propagation Folds (Basin Research)
The example is referenced from(Hardy,2019)
The example is referenced from (Hardy, 2019)
Extensional fault-propagation folds are an important type of fold in extensional environments, caused by the activation of buried normal faults propagating upward, resulting in the bending of overlying strata (Qi Peng et al., 2009). (Hardy, 2019) simulated the evolutionary process of extensional fault-propagation folds via discrete element modeling.
Here, a discrete element numerical simulation (script source code) reproduces the evolutionary process of extensional, growth, and fault-propagation folds.
Unit (km)
Tectonic Evolution Process
VBOX Script Source Code normal_fault_synsed.py
######################################
# title: 正断层
# date: 2020-10-30
# authors: 李长圣，徐雯峤
# E-mail: sheng0619@163.com
# 正断层上盘向右下角45度方向移动
# more info, see www.geovbox.com
#######################################
start
SET disk 0
BOX left 1.0e-3 right 25000.0 bottom 1.0e-3 height 20000.0 kn=4e10 ks=4e10 fric 0.30
WALL id 0, nodes ( 1000.0 , 4000.0 ) ( 9000.0 , 4000.0 ), kn=0e10 ks=0e10 fric 0.3 color black
WALL id 1, nodes ( 9000.0 , 4000.0 ) ( 21000.0 , 4000.0 ), kn=0e10 ks=0e10 fric 0.3 color blue
WALL id 2, nodes ( 9000.0 , 4000.0 ) ( 13000.0 , 0.0 ), kn=0e10 ks=0e10 fric 0.0 color blue
WALL id 3, nodes ( 1000.0 , 18000.0 ) ( 1000.0 , 4000.0 ), kn=0e10 ks=0e10 fric 0.3 color black
WALL id 4, nodes ( 21000.0 , 4000.0 ) ( 21000.0 , 18000.0 ), kn=0e10 ks=0e10 fric 0.3 color black
gen NUM 100000, rad discrete 60.0 80.0, x 1000.0, 21000.0, y 4000.0, 18000.0, GROUP ball_rand
prop color black den 2.5e3, fric 0.0, shear 2.8e9, poiss 0.2, damp 0.4, hertz
SET STEPBAR 1000
set print 5000
SET DT 5e-2,
SET GRAVITY ( 0.0, -10.0 )
CYC 10000
DEL range y 10000.0, 20000.0
CYC 5000
DEL range y 10000.0, 20000.0
CYC 5000
exp initxyr.dat range group ball_rand
SAV initxyr.sav
prop color mg range group ball_rand
prop color green range y 4000.0 5000.0
prop color green range y 6000.0 7000.0
prop color green range y 8000.0 9000.0
prop color green range y 10000.0 99999.0
prop fric 0.3 range group ball_rand
wall id 1 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
wall id 4 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
imple wall id 4 xmove 200.0 print 100.0
################################### sed1-1 ######################################
wall id 1 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
wall id 4 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
gen NUM 100000, rad discrete 60.0 80.0, x 1000.0, 21200.0, y 8000.0, 10000.0, GROUP sed1
prop color blue den 2.5e3, fric 0.0, shear 2.8e9, poiss 0.2, damp 0.4, hertz,range GROUP sed1
set print -1
CYC 10000
prop fric 0.3 range group sed1
wall id 1 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
wall id 4 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
imple wall id 4 xmove 200.0 print 100.0
################################### sed1-2 ######################################
wall id 1 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
wall id 4 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
gen NUM 100000, rad discrete 60.0 80.0, x 1000.0, 21400.0, y 8000.0, 10000.0, GROUP sed1
prop color blue den 2.5e3, fric 0.0, shear 2.8e9, poiss 0.2, damp 0.4, hertz,range GROUP sed1
set print -1
CYC 10000
prop fric 0.3 range group sed1
wall id 1 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
wall id 4 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
imple wall id 4 xmove 200.0 print 100.0
################################### sed1-3 ######################################
wall id 1 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
wall id 4 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
gen NUM 100000, rad discrete 60.0 80.0, x 1000.0, 21600.0, y 8000.0, 10000.0, GROUP sed1
prop color blue den 2.5e3, fric 0.0, shear 2.8e9, poiss 0.2, damp 0.4, hertz,range GROUP sed1
set print -1
CYC 10000
prop fric 0.3 range group sed1
wall id 1 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
wall id 4 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
imple wall id 4 xmove 200.0 print 100.0
################################### sed1-4 ######################################
wall id 1 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
wall id 4 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
gen NUM 100000, rad discrete 60.0 80.0, x 1000.0, 21800.0, y 8000.0, 10000.0, GROUP sed1
prop color blue den 2.5e3, fric 0.0, shear 2.8e9, poiss 0.2, damp 0.4, hertz,range GROUP sed1
set print -1
CYC 10000
prop fric 0.3 range group sed1
wall id 1 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
wall id 4 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
imple wall id 4 xmove 200.0 print 100.0
################################### sed1-5 ######################################
wall id 1 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
wall id 4 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
gen NUM 100000, rad discrete 60.0 80.0, x 1000.0, 22000.0, y 8000.0, 10000.0, GROUP sed1
prop color blue den 2.5e3, fric 0.0, shear 2.8e9, poiss 0.2, damp 0.4, hertz,range GROUP sed1
set print -1
CYC 10000
prop fric 0.3 range group sed1
wall id 1 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
wall id 4 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
imple wall id 4 xmove 200.0 print 100.0
################################### sed2-1 ######################################
wall id 1 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
wall id 4 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
gen NUM 100000, rad discrete 60.0 80.0, x 1000.0, 22200.0, y 8000.0, 10000.0, GROUP sed2
prop color gb den 2.5e3, fric 0.0, shear 2.8e9, poiss 0.2, damp 0.4, hertz,range GROUP sed2
set print -1
CYC 10000
prop fric 0.3 range group sed2
wall id 1 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
wall id 4 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
imple wall id 4 xmove 200.0 print 100.0
################################### sed2-2 ######################################
wall id 1 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
wall id 4 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
gen NUM 100000, rad discrete 60.0 80.0, x 1000.0, 22400.0, y 8000.0, 10000.0, GROUP sed2
prop color gb den 2.5e3, fric 0.0, shear 2.8e9, poiss 0.2, damp 0.4, hertz,range GROUP sed2
set print -1
CYC 10000
prop fric 0.3 range group sed2
wall id 1 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
wall id 4 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
imple wall id 4 xmove 200.0 print 100.0
################################### sed2-3 ######################################
wall id 1 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
wall id 4 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
gen NUM 100000, rad discrete 60.0 80.0, x 1000.0, 22600.0, y 8000.0, 10000.0, GROUP sed2
prop color gb den 2.5e3, fric 0.0, shear 2.8e9, poiss 0.2, damp 0.4, hertz,range GROUP sed2
set print -1
CYC 10000
prop fric 0.3 range group sed2
wall id 1 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
wall id 4 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
imple wall id 4 xmove 200.0 print 100.0
################################### sed2-4 ######################################
wall id 1 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
wall id 4 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
gen NUM 100000, rad discrete 60.0 80.0, x 1000.0, 22800.0, y 8000.0, 10000.0, GROUP sed2
prop color gb den 2.5e3, fric 0.0, shear 2.8e9, poiss 0.2, damp 0.4, hertz,range GROUP sed2
set print -1
CYC 10000
prop fric 0.3 range group sed2
wall id 1 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
wall id 4 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
imple wall id 4 xmove 200.0 print 100.0
################################### sed2-5 ######################################
wall id 1 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
wall id 4 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
gen NUM 100000, rad discrete 60.0 80.0, x 1000.0, 23000.0, y 8000.0, 10000.0, GROUP sed2
prop color gb den 2.5e3, fric 0.0, shear 2.8e9, poiss 0.2, damp 0.4, hertz,range GROUP sed2
set print -1
CYC 10000
prop fric 0.3 range group sed2
wall id 1 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
wall id 4 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
imple wall id 4 xmove 200.0 print 100.0
################################### sed3-1 ######################################
wall id 1 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
wall id 4 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
gen NUM 100000, rad discrete 60.0 80.0, x 1000.0, 23200.0, y 8000.0, 10000.0, GROUP sed3
prop color blue den 2.5e3, fric 0.0, shear 2.8e9, poiss 0.2, damp 0.4, hertz,range GROUP sed3
set print -1
CYC 10000
wall id 1 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
wall id 4 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
imple wall id 4 xmove 200.0 print 100.0
################################### sed3-2 ######################################
wall id 1 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
wall id 4 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
gen NUM 100000, rad discrete 60.0 80.0, x 1000.0, 23400.0, y 8000.0, 10000.0, GROUP sed3
prop color blue den 2.5e3, fric 0.0, shear 2.8e9, poiss 0.2, damp 0.4, hertz,range GROUP sed3
set print -1
CYC 10000
prop fric 0.3 range group sed3
wall id 1 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
wall id 4 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
imple wall id 4 xmove 200.0 print 100.0
################################### sed3-3 ######################################
wall id 1 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
wall id 4 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
gen NUM 100000, rad discrete 60.0 80.0, x 1000.0, 23600.0, y 8000.0, 10000.0, GROUP sed3
prop color blue den 2.5e3, fric 0.0, shear 2.8e9, poiss 0.2, damp 0.4, hertz,range GROUP sed3
set print -1
CYC 10000
wall id 1 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
wall id 4 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
imple wall id 4 xmove 200.0 print 100.0
################################### sed3-4 ######################################
wall id 1 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
wall id 4 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
gen NUM 100000, rad discrete 60.0 80.0, x 1000.0, 23800.0, y 8000.0, 10000.0, GROUP sed3
prop color blue den 2.5e3, fric 0.0, shear 2.8e9, poiss 0.2, damp 0.4, hertz,range GROUP sed3
set print -1
CYC 10000
prop fric 0.3 range group sed3
wall id 1 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
wall id 4 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
imple wall id 4 xmove 200.0 print 100.0
################################### sed3-5 ######################################
wall id 1 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
wall id 4 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
gen NUM 100000, rad discrete 60.0 80.0, x 1000.0, 24000.0, y 8000.0, 10000.0, GROUP sed3
prop color blue den 2.5e3, fric 0.0, shear 2.8e9, poiss 0.2, damp 0.4, hertz,range GROUP sed3
set print -1
CYC 10000
prop fric 0.3 range group sed3
wall id 1 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
wall id 4 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
imple wall id 4 xmove 200.0 print 100.0
################################### sed4-1 ######################################
wall id 1 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
wall id 4 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
gen NUM 100000, rad discrete 60.0 80.0, x 1000.0, 24200.0, y 8000.0, 10000.0, GROUP sed4
prop color gb den 2.5e3, fric 0.0, shear 2.8e9, poiss 0.2, damp 0.4, hertz,range GROUP sed4
set print -1
CYC 10000
prop fric 0.3 range group sed4
wall id 1 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
wall id 4 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
imple wall id 4 xmove 200.0 print 100.0
################################### sed4-2 ######################################
wall id 1 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
wall id 4 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
gen NUM 100000, rad discrete 60.0 80.0, x 1000.0, 24400.0, y 8000.0, 10000.0, GROUP sed4
prop color gb den 2.5e3, fric 0.0, shear 2.8e9, poiss 0.2, damp 0.4, hertz,range GROUP sed4
set print -1
CYC 10000
prop fric 0.3 range group sed4
wall id 1 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
wall id 4 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
imple wall id 4 xmove 200.0 print 100.0
################################### sed4-3 ######################################
wall id 1 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
wall id 4 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
gen NUM 100000, rad discrete 60.0 80.0, x 1000.0, 24600.0, y 8000.0, 10000.0, GROUP sed4
prop color gb den 2.5e3, fric 0.0, shear 2.8e9, poiss 0.2, damp 0.4, hertz,range GROUP sed4
set print -1
CYC 10000
prop fric 0.3 range group sed4
wall id 1 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
wall id 4 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
imple wall id 4 xmove 200.0 print 100.0
################################### sed4-4 ######################################
wall id 1 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
wall id 4 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
gen NUM 100000, rad discrete 60.0 80.0, x 1000.0, 24800.0, y 8000.0, 10000.0, GROUP sed4
prop color gb den 2.5e3, fric 0.0, shear 2.8e9, poiss 0.2, damp 0.4, hertz,range GROUP sed4
set print -1
CYC 10000
prop fric 0.3 range group sed4
wall id 1 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
wall id 4 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
imple wall id 4 xmove 200.0 print 100.0
################################### sed4-5 ######################################
wall id 1 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
wall id 4 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
gen NUM 100000, rad discrete 60.0 80.0, x 1000.0, 25000.0, y 8000.0, 10000.0, GROUP sed4
prop color gb den 2.5e3, fric 0.0, shear 2.8e9, poiss 0.2, damp 0.4, hertz,range GROUP sed4
set print -1
CYC 10000
prop fric 0.3 range group sed4
wall id 1 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
wall id 4 xv 2.0, yv -2.0
imple wall id 4 xmove 200.0 print 100.0
wall id 1 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
wall id 4 xv 0.0, yv -0.0
CYC 5000
STOP
References
[1] [Qi Peng and Zhang Junxia. (2009). Research Status of Extensional Fault-Propagation Folds. Journal of Geosciences in Universities, (03), 351-357.](http://t.cn/A6GL9zes)Translator: Zhu Suqin